Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Managing Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
Managing Employee Relations - Essay Example Within the practice and study of business and management, Human Resource Management has emerged as the arena for discourse on employee relations and optimal human resource management trends and paradigms. As with any other discipline and field of practice, it has undergone several changes over the past decades and is engaged in a multitude of debates. These changes have been imposed upon it by shifting ideologies, on the one hand, and by the mercurial nature of the international political economy, hence, global business, on the other. The debates have been instigated by these same forces, amongst others. Among the more important of these debates is that which pertains to the relevancy of the pluralist ER ideology within the context of a globalised business environment. Through an exploration of the ways and means by which globalisation has impacted employer-employee/employee-organisation relations and a critical analysis of the more dominant of the ER theoretical frameworks, this res earch will argue in favour of the argument which disputes the relevancy of pluralism to current business realities. In other words, the research will provide evidentiary support for the assertion that the pluralist ideology is troublesome, archaic and serves no purpose in today's global economy. 2 Globalisation Globalisation has impacted firms on two levels. In the first place, it has internationalised the domestic consumer and labour markets. According to Tayeb (2000) this means that firms' internal and external environments have globalised whereby, not only do firms serve an international customer base and have to contend with international competition but their workforce is increasingly diverse and multicultural. In the second place, globalisation has impacted firms in that it has forced many to internationalise. Again, as Tayeb (2000) explains, globalisation has prompted numerous firms to engage in foreign direct investment and to adopt a multinational corporate structure. The implication, thus, is that globalisation has influenced a change in both the structure of corporations and in the way they approach their consumers and marketplace. Needless to say, the mentioned has necessitated a reworking, or reconsideration, of dominant ER paradigms. These changes are perceptible on both the d omestic and international levels. 2.1 Domestic Employee-Employer Relationships So as not to digress from the principle topic, the changes which globalisation has induced upon domestic employee-employer relationships will be summarised through a brief reference to diversity. As Dreachslin (2007) explains, changing demographic realities, compounded with globalisation, have forced UK firms to hire an increasingly multicultural and diverse
Sunday, October 27, 2019
District Nurses Work Within The Primary Health Care Team Nursing Essay
District Nurses Work Within The Primary Health Care Team Nursing Essay District nurses work within the primary health care team. They support patients at home or in residential care. They also provide a teaching role by enabling patients to care for themselves or by helping family members learn to care for their relatives. (NHS, 2011) Nurse consultants spend at least of 50% of their time working in direct contacts with patients. They are highly trained and are responsible for developing personal practice. They are involved in research, development and teaching. (NHS, 2011) Specialist nurses are also known as clinical nurse specialists. They specialise in a specific area of nursing, for example, patients suffering from diseases such as cancer, diabetes or viruses. . Some clinical nurse specialists also have a teaching and advisory role. They may also be involved in advising medical and nursing staff about caring for patients with particular conditions and/or in teaching nurses and other professionals. (NHS, 2011) Practice nurses work in a GP surgery and are part of a primary healthcare team, which involves other health professionals such as doctors and dieticians. In larger practices, there may be several practice nurses sharing duties and responsibilities but in smaller ones, youd be working on your own, taking on many roles (NHS, 2011). Asthma is a long-term condition that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. Asthma can be well controlled in most people most of the time. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles around the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes sticky mucus or phlegm builds up which can further narrow the airways (NHS, 2011). Salbutamol is a beta 2 agonist. Salbutamol works by acting on receptors in the lungs called beta 2 receptors. When salbutamol stimulates these receptors it causes the muscles in the airways to relax. This allows the airways to open. Side effects of these types of medication can include nervousness, tremor and headache. (BNF, 2011) Angina describes the pain and chest tightness and sometimes breathlessness or choking feeling caused when blood flow in the arteries that supply the heart is restricted (BUPA, 2011). Glycerol Trinitrate can be helpful in reducing angina attacks, rather than reversing angina started, by supplementing blood concentrations of nitric oxide. Side effects from Glycerol Trinitrate include, headache, dizziness, and diarrhoea, feeling sick and flushing (BNF, 2011). Congestive cardiac failure is something that happens when a heart does not have enough strength to pump blood around the body properly; this leads to fluid collecting inside the lungs and body tissue, which then leads to congestion. It tends to affect older people. It is a long term condition and can be managed with medication and changes in lifestyle. One of the treatments available for use in congestive heart failure is Furosemide, which is a diuretic. Diuretics get rid of excess fluid and salt from a patients body, but in turn the body produces extra urine. They reduce swelling in ankles, make breathing easier and potentially increase life expectancy. Cerebrovascular accident is the medical term for a stroke. The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that: A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue. Aspirin is used in both the treatment and in the prevention of strokes. It works by thinning the blood, therefore reducing the risk of clots. Common side effects include stomach problems such as vomiting and pain. Long term effects can be serious and include a small risk of internal haemorrhage, which could lead to death. Diabetes is a condition in which the body produces too much glucose as a result of a decrease in the amount of insulin that is present in the body. In a healthy individual the pancreas produces insulin which helps to regulate the amount of sugar that remains in the blood stream. In the body of someone with diabetes there is not enough insulin in the blood stream to break down glucose and create energy. There are two types of Diabetes known simply as Type 1 and Type 2. In Type 1 diabetes the body is unable to create insulin on its own and is diagnosed generally during youth mainly during the teenage years. It is very uncommon as it is an inherited trait and only 5-10% of all people who suffer from diabetes fall into the Type 1 category. With type 2 diabetes, the illness and symptoms tend to develop gradually. This is because in type 2 diabetes you still make insulin (unlike type 1 diabetes). However, you develop diabetes because: you do not make enough insulin for your bodys needs, or the cells in your body do not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance. The cells in your body become resistant to normal levels of insulin. This means that you need more insulin than you normally make to keep the blood glucose level down, or a combination of the above two reasons. Diabetes is associated with short term problems such as hypoglycaemia which can lead to death and many long term health issues which can develop as a result of the illness. The risk of these potential health problems can be reduced through lifestyle and diet management. Synthetic Insulin is used in the treatment of type 1diabetes in a carefully planned insulin therapy programme to replace the insulin that has not been produced by the pancreas. The longer a person has type 2 diabetes the greater the risk that they will have to start insulin therapy at some point throughout their lives. Appendectomy Removal of Appendix in cases of acute appendicitis. Total Knee Replacement Replacement of the whole knee joint. Used to treat severe knee pain, trauma, long term arthritis and mobility problems. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft A surgical procedure used to treat coronary heart disease. It diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries, to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. Total Mastectomy A total mastectomy is also known as a simple mastectomy. It is a procedure that removes all of the breast tissue of an affected breast. The most common form of the surgery, referred to as traditional total mastectomy, includes the removal of the areola and nipple. However, the surgery can be performed using skin and nipple sparing techniques. It also leaves the muscle under the breast left intact. Prostatectomy A prostatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Blockages like tumors of the prostate can affect the normal flow of urine in the urethra. A prostatectomy can help with this. Laparoscopy A laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that is carried out using a laparoscope which is a small, flexible tube with a camera on it. Using a laparoscope means that a surgeon can access the inside of the abdomen and the pelvis without the procedure being invasive because large cuts are not needed; Sometimes known as keyhole surgery. According to The department of Health (2005) MRSA stands for Meticillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. It is a very contagious strain of the Staphylococcus type of bacteria. It can cause many different infections and some of these can be very serious. About 3% of the population are known carriers of MRSA and it can be transmitted by a carrier to another person or themselves through an open wound or into the blood steam. In order to reduce the risk of infection of MRSA healthcare workers can practice proper hand hygiene and they can encourage patients to wash their hands after going to the toilet. Gloves can also be used with known carriers. The Department of Health (2007) explains that Clostridium Difficile is a bacterium which is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis, an infection of the intestines. It most commonly affects elderly patients with other underlying diseases. It is present in a small proportion of the population but is usually kept in check by the good bacteria. When this good bacteria is not present illness develops. People who have been treated with antibiotics are most at risk. The disease can be spread by healthcare workers, therefore washing hands after contact with a patient can help prevent the spread and reducing the use of antibiotics can help reduce the harm that the bacterium can cause. Adult nurses work with old and young adults with a variety of health problems, chronic and acute. They are involved in many roles including caring, counselling, managing and teaching to improve the quality of a patients life, often in challenging situations. Adult nurses can hold positions at most levels of the NHS career framework. Adult nurses work at the centre of a multi professional team that can include doctors, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, pharmacists, radiographers, healthcare assistants and others workers. They assess, plan, implement and evaluate care for individual patients. Adult nurses can work in both hospital and community settings. Learning Disability Nursing The World Health Organisation defines learning disabilities or LD as: a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind. Learning disabilities is an umbrella term encompassing a range of disorders and deficits that create problems for an individual in relation to learning. People with LD often have physical problems that go hand in hand. Learning disabilities are often diagnosed by psychologists, through a combination of intelligence testing, academic achievement testing, classroom performance, and social interaction and aptitude. Other areas of assessment may include perception, cognition, memory, attention, and language abilities. IQ or Intelligence Quotient is an attempt to measure intelligence using standardized tests. According to the British Institute of Learning Disabilities (2006) it is often used to classify the level of intellectual impairment in someone with learning disabilities. Below 20 would be classed as a profound learning disability; 25 to 35, Severe; 35 to 50, Moderate and 55 to 70, Mild. Errors in fetal development. Problems during pregnancy. Toxins in the childs environment. Tobacco, alcohol and other drug use. Genetic factors. According to the British Institute of Learning Disabilities (2006), between 1 and 2 percent of the UK population have a learning disability. According to Autism.org.uk, autism is a developmental disability that lasts for a lifetime. It affects how they make sense of the world around them and how they communicate and relate to other people. It is a spectrum condition so even though people with autism share difficulties, their condition will be personal to them and will affect them in different ways. People with autism sometimes experience over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light or colours. According to the NHS (2010) Epilepsy affects the brain and can cause repeated seizures, also known as fits. Epilepsy usually begins early in someones life, although it can potentially start at any age. The severity of the seizures can vary in different people. Some may experience a trance-like state for a short time, while some others lose consciousness completely and have convulsions where they shake uncontrollably. Downs syndrome is a genetic condition where a person inherits an extra copy of one chromosome. This additional genetic material can result in characteristic physical features such as a flatter than normal face and also intellectual features which can vary from moderate to severe LD. Cerebral palsy is not a learning disability, but is common to have a LD if you also have cerebral palsy. It is a physical condition that affects the movement and control of a body. It is caused by a lack of development in part of the brain during pregnancy or childhood. The severities of problems are dependent on which part of the brain is affected (Mencap, 2010). When talking about people with LD, dual diagnosis refers to the comorbidity of learning disabilities and mental health problems. People with LD often suffer with depression or anxiety. It is important for nurses to be aware of the common conditions in LD because they can easily be missed if they are not actively looked for. It can be much more difficult for someone with LD to communicate a problem with their health and also, symptoms can be missed due to diagnostic overshadowing which means that secondary illnesses are missed because the symptoms are mistaken to be related to the primary disorder. Most people with LD live at home with help from families and day care services. Care for people with LD is often provided by family members with support from a range of healthcare workers and professionals such as nurses, psychologists, speech therapists, physiotherapists and specialist behavioral therapists; healthcare assistants and day workers. Direct payments are made by councils to people receiving social care services, instead of the council providing the service directly (direct.gov.uk). LD nurses work in a variety of setting which include the home, family, adult education, education for young people and community/residential settings (NHS Careers Website). Social Role Valorisation is the name given to a concept formulated by Wolf Wolfensberger, Ph.D in 1983 which follows the principle of normalisation. Normalisation is a set of principles that underlie the idea that people with a learning disability should live in ordinary places, doing ordinary things, with ordinary people: essentially experiencing the normal patterns of everyday life. The five service accomplishments identified by OBrien and Tyne (1981) were: Community presence; Relationships; Choice; Competence; Respect. Person Cantered Planning is way of seeing and working with all people with disabilities. It helps people with disabilities plan and organise their future in a more ordinary way. Fundamentally the person is at the centre and family members and friends are made full partners in the plan. The plan should reflect what is important to the person and the capacities that they have. It should also help a person to make a valued contribution to society. People with learning LD have been referred to as patients, clients and service users. Service user is the current term used within healthcare but the term client is still used by some and probably depends on who you are talking to. The four principles of the 2001 white paper valuing people are: right, independence, choice and inclusion. Right means that people with learning disabilities should have the same rights and choices as everybody else. Independence means the people with LD should be helped to live lives that are as independent as possible. Choice means that people with LD should be empowered to have choice in the treatment they receive and the lives that they lead. Inclusion means that people with LD should be included in society, have access to services and helped to gain valued social roles within society. One of the issues with LD nursing is mental health. People with LD often also suffer with mental health problems. There is a distinct difference between a person having a mental illness and a learning disability,
Friday, October 25, 2019
Pirates terror of the high seas :: essays research papers
I. Introduction      A. Argggggghhhhhhhhh!!!!!!! Ahoy me mates and welcome to the world of pirates.      B. through the next few minutes I will be informing ye about pirates and their rage on the high seas.      C. We will be talking about pirates, their ships, weapons, and a few famous ones at that.      D. I myself have been interested in pirates since I was a wee lad.      A. Ships           1. Galleon                a. â€Å"The Spanish Galleon was the great prize ship for pirates.†               (History of Pirates)                     1. Spanish armada used these ships to export gold from the                     Americas.                b. Weight of cannons was concentrated to center part of the ship.                     1. Used for stability.                c. Meant to cross the Atlantic in large convoys.           2. Sloop                a. â€Å"The ancestors of the modern yacht.†(History of Pirates)                b. Favored among pirates because of its agility.                     2. Pirates relied on bluff and surprise.                c. Pirates of the Caribbean used these ships.                     1. Best sloops were built in Bermuda and Jamaica.           3. Men-O-War                a. Ship Of the Line                     1. â€Å"Main battle ship of a Navy†                    2. Largest of Men-O-War.                     3. Carried between 32 to 144 guns.                                   b. Frigate                     1. â€Å"Was the midsized Man-O-War†                    2. Had three masts but was conciderable smaller than the                     Ship Of the Line.                     3. Had one gun deck, but kept other cannons on the spare                     deck.                              c. Corvette                     1. â€Å"sometimes called a ‘sloop of war’†                    2. had her guns arranged on a single deck.                     3. had the ability to maneuver easily.           4. Now we must cover the terror they unleashed with their weapons.      B. Weapons           1. Cutlass                a. â€Å"A rough heavy broad blade†(History of Pirates 107)                b. Shortness of the blade was an advantage when fighting aboard                a ship.                c. Was a great hacking weapon due to its curved blade and                heaviness.                d. Was often used as a tool as well.           2. Blunderbuss/pistols                a. â€Å"more like a hand-held cannon then a rifle†               (History of Pirates 113)                b. Ranged in length from about 14 to 30 inches.                c. When used in close range it could kill about seven people.                d. â€Å"Pirates prized pistols above all other weapons†               (History of Pirates 115)                e. Pirates used to carry several pistols hanging on a sash into battle.                f. they were usually loaded from the barrel of the gun with                prepared shoot powder and bullets.           3. Cannons                a. ranged in different sizes by being called pounders.                b. could range from 2 to 32 pounders on board a ship                c. swivel guns were mounted on the poop deck to stop boarders.                d. the main cannons were mounted on rolling carts and strapped
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Smoking and god
Smokingâ€Å" If God had wanted us to smoke, he would hold given us a separate hole for it. †These are the words that I have heard when I was immature. My male parent kept stating me these words as he experienced it himself. My male parent was a tobacco user. He started smoking when he was 18 and he kept smoking until 35 when I was born. He was smoking more than three battalions of coffin nails daily. He described himself when he was a tobacco user as a really thin adult male and his face was pale. He was like a adult male who lost his wellness. After a few old ages he suffered from diabetes. He spent about 17 old ages smoking until God had enter his life and he quit smoking. From that clip, he kept warning me and my brothers about smoke. This essay is traveling to discourse the smoke issue among teens and offers some solutions. Smoke is considered a really unsafe disease that threats every tobacco user. It contains nicotine which is the chief beginning for smoking ‘s diseases. Nicotine has three of import effects. First, it rises up the blood-pressure. Second, it increases the bosom rate. Third, it constricts blood vass. The people who smoke inhale C monoxide which decreases the sum of O which goes to the encephalon and in the bosom. Furthermore, smoking makes the tobacco users agony of shortness of breath, bosom diseases, lung diseases and other disease such as malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" Smoke putting to deaths. If you ‘re killed, you ‘ve lost a really of import portion of your life. †Brooke Shields This was one of Brooke Shields †expressions. He was seeking to converting people non to smoke by stating them about smoking ‘s hazards. Presents, most of the tobacco users are teens. Harmonizing to the Egyptian Smoking Prevention Research Institute ( ESPRI ) , Egypt has the biggest figure of tobacco users than any other state in the Middle East. There are more than 50 % of work forces over 18 smoking and they consume more than 70 billion coffin nails yearly. Smoke is considered a really of import societal issue. Nowadays, smoking becomes available for everyone. There are immature kids, teens, grownups, work forces and adult females who smoke every twenty-four hours. The figure of tobacco users is increasing every twelvemonth. In add-on, most of those tobacco users are teens. They want to smoke for chief three grounds which they are to look mature, to experiment, and to be like their friends. First, teens think that they will go older when they smoke as they see the old people smoke. Second, they want to experiment new things because they are young persons. They ever have the ability to seek out something new, particularly when they see many people do so. Third, many teens smoke because of their friends because they think that they should make the same to be accepted in this group. Although of these of import grounds, there are other grounds for them to smoke such as personal jobs and household jobs. Most of the tobacco users when they ge t nervous or angry, they do anything. Some of them smoke believing that this coffin nail will do them experience happy. Other tobacco users have jobs with their household or work, particularly with the parents who are tobacco users. Many kids imitate their parents ‘ wonts and as they see them smoking, the start to make like them. They believe that when they do like them, they will move like them besides as a adult male or adult female. This can do them hold a batch of force per unit area and emphasis. Weight is considered another ground as there are many people who smoke to free their weight. Every state should pay more attending to those people who are addicted to smoking. These states should increase the consciousness plans and set more advertizements in the street. They besides should forestall smoke in crowded topographic points and edifice. Beside, there must be a jurisprudence that punishes the people who sell coffin nails to immature people and teens. â€Å" For thy interest, baccy, I would make anything but dice. â€Å" – Charles Lamb, This sentence is the ground for halting smoke. Smoking leads to decease and this is the chief ground. Teenss must hold an internal ability to halt quit smoke. â€Å" The best manner to halt smoke is to transport wet lucifers. †– Anonymous If one has truly wants to discontinue smoke, he will make anything to discontinue. There are many people who tell themselves that if they want to discontinue smoke, they can. But, in fact, they are non honorable with themselves. They are fallacious to themselves as they do nil to discontinue. Actually, this societal issue had truly affected me in a positive manner. When I thought in my male parent ‘s narrative, I found that if I smoke I will destruct my wellness with my ain custodies. As a consequence, I will destruct my organic structure which God had given me to salvage. In the beginning, when I was immature, my male parent told me his experiment with smoking many times but, I did n't cognize the underlying significance of this narrative until I grown up. I found that many tobacco users had encountered many diseases through their life. This narrative was the chief factor that encouraged me to maintain away from smoking. Finally, smoke is a really unsafe disease and can infect anyone who does non hold unsusceptibility. I think my male parent ‘s narrative is my unsusceptibility against smoke. Every clip he tells me his narrative, I get encouraged to halt believing about smoke. This besides promote me to avoid what my male parent has encountered and what he has suffered through his past life and even his recent life after quit smoke.Procedure MemoThis essay has been organized harmonizing to the experience that I have lived, so in what manner this experiment has affected me. Then, talk about the consequences of smoke. The theses were in the debut to allow the reader know what I will speak about.Work Cited1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml? identifier=3003308 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //health.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/smoking-and-smokeless-tobacco/background.html
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Parallel Computer Architecture Essay
â€Å"Parallel computing†is a science of calculation t countless computational directives are being â€Å"carried out†at the same time, working on the theory that big problems can time and again be split â€Å"into smaller ones†, that are subsequently resolved â€Å"in parallel†. We come across more than a few diverse type of â€Å"parallel computing: bit-level parallelism, instruction-level parallelism, data parallelism, and task parallelism†. (Almasi, G. S. and A. Gottlieb, 1989) Parallel Computing has been employed for several years, for the most part in high-performance calculation, but awareness about the same has developed in modern times owing to the fact that substantial restriction averts rate of recurrence scale. Parallel computing has turned out to be the leading prototype in â€Å"computer architecture, mostly in the form of multicore processors†. On the other hand, in modern times, power utilization by parallel computers has turned into an alarm. Parallel computers can be generally categorized in proportion â€Å"to the level at which the hardware†sustains parallelism; â€Å"with multi-core and multi-processor workstations†encompassing several â€Å"processing†essentials inside a solitary mechanism at the same time â€Å"as clusters, MPPs, and grids†employ several workstations â€Å"to work on†the similar assignment. (Hennessy, John L. , 2002) Parallel computer instructions are very complicated to inscribe than chronological ones, for the reason that from synchronization commence more than a few new modules of prospective software virus, of which race situations are mainly frequent. Contact and association amid the dissimilar associate assignments is characteristically one of the supreme obstructions to receiving superior analogous program routine. The acceleration of a program due to parallelization is specified by Amdahl’s law which will be later on explained in detail. Background of parallel computer architecture Conventionally, computer software has been inscribed for sequential calculation. In order to find the resolution to a â€Å"problem†, â€Å"an algorithm†is created and executed â€Å"as a sequential stream†of commands. These commands are performed on a CPU on one PC. No more than one command may be implemented at one time, after which the command is completed, the subsequent command is implemented. (Barney Blaise, 2007) Parallel computing, conversely, utilizes several processing fundamentals at the same time to find a solution to such problems. This is proficiently achieved by splitting â€Å"the problem into†autonomous divisions with the intention that every â€Å"processing†factor is capable of carrying out its fraction â€Å"of the algorithm†concurrently by means of the other processing factor. The processing†fundamentals can be varied and comprise properties for example a solitary workstation with several processors, numerous complex workstations, dedicated hardware, or any amalgamation of the above. (Barney Blaise, 2007) Incidence balancing was the leading cause for enhancement in computer routine starting sometime in the mid-1980s and continuing till â€Å"2004†. â€Å"The runtime†of a series of instructions is equivalent to the amount of commands reproduced through standard instance for each command. Retaining the whole thing invariable, escalating the clock occurrence reduces the standard time it acquires to carry out a command. An enhancement in occurrence as a consequence reduces runtime intended for all calculation bordered program. (David A. Patterson, 2002) â€Å"Moore’s Law†is the pragmatic examination that â€Å"transistor†compactness within a microchip is changed twofold approximately every 2 years. In spite of power utilization issues, and frequent calculations of its conclusion, Moore’s law is still effective to all intents and purposes. With the conclusion of rate of recurrence leveling, these supplementary transistors that are no more utilized for occurrence leveling can be employed to include additional hardware for parallel division. (Moore, Gordon E, 1965) Amdahl’s Law and Gustafson’s Law: Hypothetically, the expedition from parallelization should be linear, repeating the amount of dispensation essentials should divide the â€Å"runtime†, and repeating it subsequent â€Å"time and again†dividing â€Å"the runtime†. On the other hand, very a small number of analogous algorithms attain most favorable acceleration. A good number â€Å"of them have a near-linear†acceleration for little figures of â€Å"processing†essentials that levels out into a steady rate for big statistics of â€Å"processing†essentials. The possible acceleration of an â€Å"algorithm on a parallel†calculation stage is described by â€Å"Amdahl’s law†, initially devised by â€Å"Gene Amdahl†sometime â€Å"in the 1960s†. (Amdahl G. , 1967) It affirms that a little segment of the â€Å"program†that cannot be analogous will bound the general acceleration obtainable from â€Å"parallelization†. Whichever big arithmetical or manufacturing problem is present, it will characteristically be composed of more than a few â€Å"parallelizable†divisions and quite a lot of â€Å"non-parallelizable†or â€Å"sequential†divisions. This association is specified by the â€Å"equation S=1/ (1-P) where S†is the acceleration of the â€Å"program†as an aspect of its unique chronological â€Å"runtime†, and â€Å"P†is the division which is â€Å"parallelizable†. If the chronological segment of â€Å"a program is 10% â€Å"of the start up duration, one is able to acquire merely a 10 times acceleration, in spite of of how many computers are appended. This sets a higher bound on the expediency of adding up further parallel implementation components. â€Å"Gustafson’s law†is a different â€Å"law in computer†education, narrowly connected to â€Å"Amdahl’s law†. It can be devised as â€Å"S(P) = P – ? (P-1) where P†is the quantity of â€Å"processors†, S is the acceleration, and ? the â€Å"non-parallelizable†fraction of the procedure. â€Å"Amdahl’s law†supposes a permanent â€Å"problem†volume and that the volume of the chronological division is autonomous of the quantity of â€Å"processors†, while â€Å"Gustafson’s law†does not construct these suppositions. Applications of Parallel Computing Applications are time and again categorized in relation to how frequently their associative responsibilities require coordination or correspondence with every one. An application demonstrates superior grained parallelism if its associative responsibilities ought to correspond several times for each instant; it shows commonly grained parallelism if they do not correspond at several instances for each instant, and it is inadequately equivalent if they hardly ever or by no means have to correspond. Inadequately parallel claims are measured to be uncomplicated to parallelize. Parallel encoding languages and parallel processor have to have a uniformity representation that can be more commonly described as a â€Å"memory model†. The uniformity â€Å"model†describes regulations for how procedures on processor â€Å"memory†take place and how consequences are formed. One of the primary uniformity â€Å"models†was a chronological uniformity model made by Leslie Lamport. Chronological uniformity is the condition of â€Å"a parallel program that it’s parallel†implementation generates the similar consequences as a â€Å"sequential†set of instructions. Particularly, a series of instructions is sequentially reliable as Leslie Lamport states that if the consequence of any implementation is equal as if the procedures of all the â€Å"processors†were carried out in some â€Å"sequential†array, and the procedure of every entity workstation emerges in this series in the array detailed by its series of instructions. Leslie Lamport, 1979) Software contractual memory is a familiar form of constancy representation. Software contractual memory has access to database hypothesis the notion of infinitesimal connections and relates them to â€Å"memory†contact. Scientifically, these â€Å"models†can be symbolized in more than a few approaches. Petri nets, which were established in the physician hypothesis of Carl Adam Petri some time in 1960, happen to be a premature effort to cipher the set of laws of uniformity models. Dataflow hypothesis later on assembled upon these and Dataflow structural designs were formed to actually put into practice the thoughts of dataflow hypothesis. Commencing â€Å"in the late 1970s†, procedure of â€Å"calculi†for example â€Å"calculus of†corresponding structures and corresponding â€Å"sequential†procedures were build up to authorize arithmetical interpretation on the subject of classification created of interrelated mechanisms. More current accompaniments to the procedure â€Å"calculus family†, for example the â€Å"? calculus†, have additionally the ability for explanation in relation to dynamic topologies. Judgments for instance Lamport’s TLA+, and arithmetical representations for example sketches and Actor resultant drawings, have in addition been build up to explain the performance of simultaneous systems. (Leslie Lamport, 1979) One of the most important classifications of recent times is that in which Michael J. Flynn produced one of the most basic categorization arrangements for parallel and sequential processors and set of instructions, at the present recognized as â€Å"Flynn’s taxonomy†. Flynn†categorized â€Å"programs†and processors by means of propositions if they were working by means of a solitary set or several â€Å"sets of instructions†, if or not those commands were utilizing â€Å"a single or multiple sets†of information. â€Å"The single-instruction-single-data (SISD)†categorization is corresponding to a completely sequential process. â€Å"The single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD)†categorization is similar to doing the analogous procedure time after time over a big â€Å"data set†. This is usually completed in â€Å"signal†dispensation application. Multiple-instruction-single-data (MISD)†is a hardly ever employed categorization. While computer structural designs to manage this were formulated for example systolic arrays, a small number of applications that relate to this set appear. â€Å"Multiple-instruction-multiple-data (MIMD)†set of instructions are without a doubt the for the most part frequent sort of parallel procedures. (Hennessy, John L. , 2002) Types of Parallelism There are essentially in all 4 types of â€Å"Parallelism: Bit-level Parallelism, Instruction level Parallelism, Data Parallelism and Task Parallelism. Bit-Level Parallelism†: As long as 1970s till 1986 there has been the arrival of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) microchip manufacturing technology, and because of which acceleration in computer structural design was determined by replication of â€Å"computer word†range; the â€Å"amount of information†the computer can carry out for each sequence. (Culler, David E, 1999) Enhancing the word range decreases the quantity of commands the computer must carry out to execute an action on â€Å"variables†whose ranges are superior to the span of the â€Å"word†. or instance, where an â€Å"8-bit†CPU must append two â€Å"16-bit†figures, the central processing unit must initially include the â€Å"8 lower-order†fragments from every numeral by means of the customary calculation order, then append the â€Å"8 higher-order†fragments employing an â€Å"add-with-carry†command and the carry fragment from the lesser arr ay calculation; therefore, an â€Å"8-bit†central processing unit necessitates two commands to implement a solitary process, where a â€Å"16-bit†processor possibly will take only a solitary command unlike â€Å"8-bit†processor to implement the process. In times gone by, â€Å"4-bit†microchips were substituted with â€Å"8-bit†, after that â€Å"16-bit†, and subsequently â€Å"32-bit†microchips. This tendency usually approaches a conclusion with the initiation of â€Å"32-bit†central processing units, which has been a typical in wide-ranging principles of calculation for the past 20 years. Not until in recent times that with the arrival of â€Å"x86-64†structural designs, have â€Å"64-bit†central processing unit developed into ordinary. (Culler, David E, 1999) In â€Å"Instruction level parallelism a computer program†is, basically a flow of commands carried out by a central processing unit. These commands can be rearranged and coalesced into clusters which are then implemented in â€Å"parallel†devoid of altering the effect of the â€Å"program†. This is recognized as â€Å"instruction-level parallelism†. Progress in â€Å"instruction-level parallelism†subjugated â€Å"computer†structural design as of the median of 1980s until the median of 1990s. Contemporary processors have manifold phase instruction channels. Each phase in the channel matches up to a dissimilar exploit the central processing unit executes on that channel in that phase; a central processing unit with an â€Å"N-stage†channel can have equal â€Å"to N†diverse commands at dissimilar phases of conclusion. The â€Å"canonical†illustration of a channeled central processing unit is a RISC central processing unit, with five phases: Obtaining the instruction, deciphering it, implementing it, memory accessing, and writing back. In the same context, the Pentium 4 central processing unit had a phase channel. Culler, David E, 1999) Additionally to instruction-level parallelism as of pipelining, a number of central processing units can copy in excess of one command at an instance. These are acknowledged as superscalar central processing units. Commands can be clustered jointly simply â€Å"if there is no data†reliance amid them. â€Å"Scoreboarding†and the â€Å"Tomasulo algorithm†are two of the main frequent modus operandi for putting into practice inoperative implementation and â€Å"instruction-level parallelism†. Data parallelism†is â€Å"parallelism†intrinsic in â€Å"program†spheres, which center on allocating the â€Å"data†transversely to dissimilar â€Å"computing†nodules to be routed in parallel. â€Å"Parallelizing loops often leads to similar (not necessarily identical) operation sequences or functions being performed on elements of a large data structure. †(Culler, David E, 1999) A lot of technical and manufacturing applications display data â€Å"parallelism†. â€Å"Task parallelism†is the feature of a â€Å"parallel†agenda that completely dissimilar computation can be carried out on both the similar or dissimilar â€Å"sets†of information. This distinguishes by way of â€Å"data parallelism†; where the similar computation is carried out on the identical or unlike sets of information. â€Å"Task parallelism†does more often than not balance with the dimension of a quandary. (Culler, David E, 1999) Synchronization and Parallel slowdown: Associative chores in a parallel plan are over and over again identified as threads. A number of parallel computer structural designs utilize slighter, insubstantial editions of threads recognized as fibers, at the same time as others utilize larger editions acknowledged as processes. On the other hand, â€Å"threads†is by and large acknowledged as a nonspecific expression for associative jobs. Threads will frequently require updating various variable qualities that is common among them. The commands involving the two plans may be interspersed in any arrangement. A lot of parallel programs necessitate that their associative jobs proceed in harmony. This entails the employment of an obstruction. Obstructions are characteristically put into practice by means of a â€Å"software lock†. One category of â€Å"algorithms†, recognized as â€Å"lock-free and wait-free algorithms†, on the whole keeps away from the utilization of bolts and obstructions. On the other hand, this advancement is usually easier said than done as to the implementation it calls for properly intended data organization. Not all parallelization consequences in acceleration. By and large, as a job is divided into increasing threads, those threads expend a growing segment of their instant corresponding with each one. Sooner or later, the transparency from statement controls the time exhausted resolving the problem, and supplementary parallelization which is in reality, dividing the job weight in excess of still more threads that amplify more willingly than reducing the quantity of time compulsory to come to an end. This is acknowledged as parallel deceleration. Central â€Å"memory in a parallel computer†is also â€Å"shared memory†that is common among all â€Å"processing†essentials in a solitary â€Å"address space†, or â€Å"distributed memory†that is wherein all processing components have their individual confined address space. Distributed memories consult the actuality that the memory is rationally dispersed, however time and again entail that it is bodily dispersed also. â€Å"Distributed shared memory†is an amalgamation of the two hypotheses, where the â€Å"processing†component has its individual confined â€Å"memory†and right of entry to the â€Å"memory†on non-confined â€Å"processors†. Admittance to confined â€Å"memory†is characteristically quicker than admittance to non-confined â€Å"memory†. Conclusion: A mammoth change is in progress that has an effect on all divisions of the parallel computing architecture. The present traditional course in the direction of multicore will eventually come to a standstill, and finally lasting, the trade will shift quickly on the way to a lot of interior drawing end enclosing hundreds or thousands of cores for each fragment. The fundamental incentive for assuming parallel computing is motivated by power restrictions for prospective system plans. The alteration in structural design are also determined by the association of market dimensions and assets that go with new CPU plans, from the desktop PC business in the direction of the customer electronics function.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
The witchcraft hysteria essays
The witchcraft hysteria essays In 1692, in Salem Massachusetts, the superstition of witches existed in a society of strong puritan beliefs. Anybody who acted out of the ordinary was accused of being a witch, and then the accused would actually be forgiven if they admitted it and told the court of anyone else that was with the devil. This was one of the main themes of the play entitled, The Crucible by Arthur Miller. In this play a group of young girls act up and are then accused of being witches. These girls then blamed other people in order to get out of trouble, and even pretended to be bewitched in front of the court during the trial. This leads into the deaths of some innocent people who were accused and automatically found guilty. I believe, in many ways the people of Salem were responsible for the witch hysteria in Salem. The person with the most influence was Abigail. Abigail had an affair with John Proctor. Elizabeth Proctor, Johns wife, then fired Abigail. Abigail was jealous because of Johns lack of attention. So Abigail, a few other girls, and a servant from the Caribbean named Tituba danced around in the woods hoping a spell would kill Proctors wife. Reverend Parris, Abigails uncle, sees them and reports them to the courts. When Abigail is questioned about this, she denies the accusations but doesnt tell the truth about what was going on. The news of Abigail and the other girls strange behavior gets around and the hysteria starts. Without Abigails superstition and her fear of telling the truth, I think the events in The Crucible would not have become as serious as they did or even started. John Proctor was another agitator of the witch hysteria in Salem. Proctor adds to the hysteria when he and his wife were talking about Abigail and why she is acting so oddly. Although John Proctor knows she is making up everything and blaming innocent people, he is relu ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word
Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word Using Page and Section Breaks in Microsoft Word When writing a longer paper, like a thesis or PhD dissertation, it makes sense to break the document down into a series of distinct chapters, each starting on a new page. You could, of course, achieve this by simply hitting â€Å"Enter†a bunch of times until a new page appears. But this can make your document look untidy, since any changes you make before the break will cause subsequent text to go out of alignment. A far better option is to use Microsoft Word’s inbuilt page and section breaks. Page Breaks As the name suggests, a â€Å"page break†in Microsoft Word is a break between pages in your document (sometimes life really is that simple). This â€Å"hard break†allows you to edit separate sections of your work without worrying about text shifting around elsewhere. To add a page break in your document, simply: Position the cursor where you want the page break to appear Under the â€Å"Insert†tab, click on the â€Å"Page Break†button Alternatively, you can add a page break by going to the â€Å"Page Layout†tab, clicking on â€Å"Breaks†and selecting â€Å"Page†from the dropdown menu. Voila! Section Breaks Adding a â€Å"section break†to a document allows you to apply different formatting options in different places. This can be useful if you want to use specific headers for different chapters in your dissertation, or different page numbering styles for distinct parts of a document. To add a section break between pages, all you need to do is: Select where you want the section break to appear with the cursor Go to the â€Å"Page Layout†tab and click on â€Å"Breaks†Under â€Å"Section Breaks†in the dropdown menu, select â€Å"Next Page†You can also add a section break in the middle of a page by selecting â€Å"Continuous†from the dropdown menu. This is handy if you want to apply varied formatting to different parts of a single page, such as splitting one half into two columns of text, but generally isn’t required in an academic paper. Once you’ve added section breaks to your document, you can then apply specific formatting options (e.g., page layout, headers, footers, etc.) to particular sections as required. Editing Page and Section Breaks Since you can’t usually see a page or section break (other than by the gap in the document), editing or removing them can be tricky. However, you can make page breaks visible by clicking the â€Å"Show Paragraph Marks†button on the â€Å"Home†tab in Microsoft Word. This will make page and section breaks show up in your document as follows. You can then select, move, delete or edit around these breaks without having to guess where they are!
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Mary Church Terrell - Womens Civil Rights Activist
Mary Church Terrell - Women's Civil Rights Activist Born Mary Eliza Church, Mary Church Terrell (September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was a key pioneer in the intersectional movements for civil rights and suffrage. As both an educator and activist, she was an important figure in the advancement of the civil rights cause. Early Life Mary Church Terrell was born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1863 - the same year that President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. Both of her parents were former slaves who became successful in business: her mother, Louisa, owned a successful hair salon, and her father, Robert, became one of the first African-American millionaires in the South. The family lived in a mostly-white neighborhood, and the young Mary was protected in her early years from most experience of racism, even though, when she was three, her father was shot during the Memphis race riots of 1866. It was not until she was five, hearing stories from her grandmother about slavery, that she began to be conscious of African American history. Her parents divorced in 1869 or 1870, and her mother first had custody of both Mary and her brother. In 1873, the family sent her north to Yellow Springs and then Oberlin for school. Terrell split her summers between visiting her father in Memphis and her mother where she had moved, New York City. Terrell graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, one of the few integrated colleges in the country, in 1884, where she had taken the gentlemans course rather than the easier, shorter womens program. Two of her fellow students, Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Hunt, would become her lifelong friends, colleagues, and allies in the movement for racial and gender equality. Mary moved back to Memphis to live with her father. He had become wealthy, in part by buying up properties cheaply when people fled the yellow fever epidemic in 1878-1879. Her father opposed her working; however, when he remarried, Mary accepted a teaching position in Xenia, Ohio, and then another in Washington, DC. After completing her masters degree at Oberlin while living in Washington, she spent two years traveling in Europe with her father. In 1890, she returned to teach at a high school for black students in Washington, D.C. Family and Early Activism In Washington, Mary renewed her friendship with her supervisor at the school, Robert Heberton Terrell. They married in 1891. As was expected at the time, Mary left her employment upon marriage. Robert Terrell was admitted to the bar in 1883 in Washington and, from 1911 to 1925, taught law at Howard University. He served as a judge of the District of Columbia Municipal Court from 1902 to 1925. The first three children Mary bore died shortly after birth. Her daughter, Phyllis, was born in 1898, and the couple adopted their daughter Mary a few years later. In the meantime, Mary had become very active in social reform and volunteer work, including working with black womens organizations and for womens suffrage in the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Susan B. Anthony became a friend of hers. Mary also worked for kindergartens and child care, especially for children of working mothers. Mary entered activism more fiercely after the 1892 lynching of her friend Thomas Moss, a black business owner who was attacked by white businessmen for competing with their businesses. Her theory of activism was based on the idea of uplift, or the idea that discrimination could be tackled by social advancement and education, with the belief that the advancement of one member of the community could advance the whole community. Excluded from full participation in planning with other women for activities at the 1893 Worlds Fair, Mary instead threw her efforts into building up black womens organizations that would work to end both gender and racial discrimination. She helped engineer the merger of black womens clubs to form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in 1896. She was its first president, serving in that capacity until 1901, when she was appointed honorary president for life. Founder and Icon During the 1890s, Mary Church Terrells increasing skill in and recognition for public speaking led her to take up lecturing as a profession. She became a friend of and worked with W.E.B. DuBois, and he invited her to become one of the charter members when the NAACP was founded. Mary Church Terrell also served on the Washington, DC, school board, from 1895 to 1901 and again from 1906 to 1911, the first African American woman to serve on that body. Her success in that post was rooted in her earlier activism with the NACW and its partner organizations, which worked on education initiatives focused on black women and children, from nurseries to adult women in the workforce. In 1910, she helped found the College Alumni Club or College Alumnae Club. In the 1920s, Mary Church Terrell worked with the Republican National Committee on behalf of women and African Americans. She voted Republican until 1952, when she voted for Adlai Stevenson for president. Though Mary was able to vote, many other black men and women were not, due to laws in the South that essentially disenfranchised black voters. Widowed when her husband died in 1925, Mary Church Terrell continued her lecturing, volunteer work, and activism, briefly considering a second marriage. Activist Until The End Even as she entered retirement age, Mary continued her work for womens rights and race relations. In 1940, she published her autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World, which described her personal experiences with discrimination. In her last years, she picketed and worked in the campaign to end segregation in Washington, D.C., where she joined the fight against restaurant segregation despite already being in her mid-eighties. Mary lived to see this fight won in their favor: in 1953, the courts ruled that segregated eating places were unconstitutional. Mary Church Terrell died in 1954, just two months after the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, a fitting bookend to her life which began just after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation and which focused on education as a key means of advancing the civil rights she spent her life fighting for. Mary Church Terrell Fast Facts Born: September 23, 1863 in Memphis, TennesseeDied: July 24, 1954 in Annapolis, MarylandSpouse: Robert Heberton Terrell (m. 1891-1925)Children: Phyllis (only surviving biological child) and Mary (adopted daughter)Key Accomplishments: An early civil rights leader and womens rights advocate, she was one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree. She went on to be a founder of National Association of Colored Women and a charter member of the NAACPOccupation: educator, activist, professional lecturer Sources Church, Mary Terrell. A Colored Woman in a White World. Washington, DC: Ransdell, Inc. Publishers, 1940.Jones, B. W. Mary Church Terrell and the National Association of Colored Women: 1986-1901, The Journal of Negro History, vol. 67 (1982), 20–33.Michals, Debra. Mary Church Terrell. National Womens History Museum, 2017, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mary-church-terrell
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Boeing's Alliance with Foreign Partners Research Paper
Boeing's Alliance with Foreign Partners - Research Paper Example Because of the divergence in cultures of the two economies, the same job is performed differently in various cultural and national settings. However, the art to survive in a new market setting is designated as adaptability. Ultimately, the need to change compels an organization to alliance with local firms because they have the cultural awareness about a particular market environment. On the other hand, firms go into partnerships to acquire a novel technology as well. International airline companies, such as Boeing, are doing business in the international setting when in other industries this practice was considered as an impractical one. Therefore, these organizations are well aware of the strategic importance of an alliance, especially in a foreign market. It is imperative to modify the organizational structure and culture according to the situation of a market in which the organization is operating. An important reason for an alliance is to outsource a practice, which an organizat ion cannot perform adequately well or economically. Various organizations outsource the hiring function in a foreign market to a local consultancy because of its lack of knowledge about the educational standards prevailing in the alien market (Elmuti & Kathawala, 2001). The purpose of Boeing’s extensive alliances is based on developing a next generation technology by partnering with various firms, thus pooling resources to expedite the developmental process. An alliance could be defined as a strategic decision of two or more firms under which they have to collaborate their resources to achieve some common objectives or goals. Main reasons of this kind of decision are the need to understand a foreign market culture or advancement in the technological capabilities of an organization. Similarly, organization commits to an alliance to gain a condition called synergy (Pyke & Johnson, 2002) which allows different organizations to benefit from various capabilities and resources of e ach other, and attain a common goal (Gomes-Casseres, 2003). Organizations develop strategic alliances to forego the extra value chain costs; therefore, they hire other firms to do these tasks. For instance, Boeing fabricated a contract with Tata companies in India to produce engines for their aircrafts, and this decision was taken to reduce the cost of production, because Indian rupee is significantly low in comparison with the US currency. Boeing, therefore, managed to gain a large scale cost advantage by this decision. Boeing established collaboration with Ford in terms of nanotechnology. Moreover, Boeing and Airbus are working to develop an aircraft with aerodynamics, which would be able to make it efficient in terms of fuel consumption, with its modified structure (Micheal, 2002). Boeing is busy in the joint struggle with Lockheed Co. to develop an advanced rocket, designed to explore the secrets of space (Beighley, 2007). Boeing is also trying to develop aerospace technology th rough working together with Japanese firms; however, the main hindrance on the way to success for this venture is the divergence between the cultures of the people working on this project (McGuire, 2007). Japanese are holding the key influence during the execution of this venture because of their technological knowledge; therefore, the Americans have to cope with the way Japanese work. It is important to note that Japanese
Friday, October 18, 2019
Software and Internet Industry in the Global Economy Assignment - 1
Software and Internet Industry in the Global Economy - Assignment Example In the internet industry players like Yahoo, and Bing has majority of market share, especially in search engine segment. Companies like SAP, Oracle, Sage, AG, etc are the successful players in the industry who provide business process solutions in production, marketing, finance, etc (Blythe, 2009). The political and legal factors are the external environmental factors which have a significant impact on the computer software and internet industry. The political factors ascertain the interest or focus of the government towards outsourcing information technology (IT) assistance, software, etc. This also affects the job opportunities and national income. The multinational software and internet companies operate from various countries, and regulations are developed for these companies by the government based on the existing legal framework. These are also known as cyber regulations. Companies failing to abide by the cyber guideline of different countries have also faced penalties like the cancellation of their license to trade in the respective country (Factor, 2013). Google faced pressure from the Department of Justice in order to abandon their search terms, and censor the search results from the Government of China. Apart from this, the demand of the government to abide by the privacy policies were also considered and in 2008, Google started responding to the concerns of the customers by adding a link to the home page that will directly take them to the privacy center and show Google’s policies for privacy and security. The political trend affects the subsidies, tax holiday, or rule relaxations, which also affect the sources of revenue generation for a country. Countries like India outsource maximum IT services for countries like US, UK, or Australia (Google, 2013).Google Inc considers mergers and accusations to be one of the ways to sustain in business. In this process, they purchase DoubleClick for $3.1 billion in 2007 and were also looking forward to buying out SimplyHired (Jackson, 2012).Â
The Comparision of two potential river or sea developments for one Essay
The Comparision of two potential river or sea developments for one city with the intention of attracting tourists - Essay Example However, there are hundreds of rivers that cut across the Rio de Janeiro state, most of them having cities, towns and settlements advanced along their banks. Therefore, natural resources and especially rivers are crucial for the life of Rio de Janeiro (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2013 p12). Among the popular rivers that cut right across the city of Rio de Janeiro are the Acari River and River Paraiba do Sul, which create spirited resources for the city (De Vries & Reilly, 2011 p21). However, the potential of these two rivers is completely tapped, and especially in favors to water-based tourism, which is evidently possible and attractive in these rivers. Therefore, any development and rehabilitation of the two rivers that is targeted towards this objective can deliver positive results and this is the major reason for the development of this river. The Acari River flows in the South eastern side of Brazil, through the Rio de Janeiro state, forming one of the major water-courses that s upply the city of Rio de Janeiro (Room, 1997 p311). The river cuts across the city of Rio de Janeiro from the western side, and it separates this city from the city of Duque de Caxias (Room, 1997 p303). The most substantial aspect about the strategic positioning of this River is that; it separates the most populous City in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, which is the City of Rio de Janeiro, from the third most populous city in the county, which is the city of Duque de Caxias (Ades, 2004 p.322). This fact is especially important, considering the number of people, who will have an access to the tourist activities established on this river. The other essential characteristic of the Acari River, which makes it most suitable for development for the purposes of water-based tourism, is the fact that the Acari River is controllable (De Vries & Reilly, 2011 p32). The river crosses through areas that are well gifted for boat and canoe riding, so making it a suitable river for developing towards these purposes. Additionally, the Acari River presents no danger of derailing the riding of canoes and boats used for water-based tourism explorations (Krystek, 2012 n.p.). The Acari River has a very large flow of water, meaning that it is a river that can be changed for the purpose of water-based tourism, since it can manage to sustain and supply the flow of water required for this purpose throughout all seasons. The vegetation along the regions of boundary between the river and the land surface also serves the need for soil conservation purposes, by ensuring that no soil from the land masses can directly cause the siltation of the river, while also preventing soil erosion, because it enhances the filtration process (Ades, 2004 p319). The river also has several species of fish, especially on the upper side that is before the section where the Acari River reaches the cities, making it even more viable for water-based tourism, which has fishing as one of the major components . The river has also been widely used for transportation, through crossing from the side of
Cost-Benefit Analysis for Foxy Originals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Cost-Benefit Analysis for Foxy Originals - Essay Example Foxy Originals is renowned jewelry company which is headquartered in Toronto, Canada. The company was established by Jen Kluger and Suzie Orol in the year 1998 (Foxy Originals, 2013). The company has established its presence in 250 boutiques in Canada. The product portfolio of the company is comprised of high end and stylish necklaces, earrings, bracelets, rings, belts and other jewelry items. A business must have a competitive advantage in order to sustain in the marketplace (Porter, 1980, 1985 and 1991). Hence sustainability of Foxy Original is dependent its competitive advantage of selling stylish but low-cost jewelry to price-sensitive women in the age group of eighteen years to thirty years. Although the company is growing at an acceptable pace there is a risk for the Canadian jewelry market to get saturated due to the entry of new players in the future course of time. Over saturation and presence of many sellers in comparatively small Canadian jewelry market might decrease the profit margin for Foxy Originals in the near future. Hence, the company is thinking about entering USA jewelry market which is 10 times bigger than Canadian jewelry market by the month of January 2005. To enter USA jewelry market, Foxy Original must formulate a profitable distribution strategy which can give them a sustainable competitive advantage. Â A brief discussion about the about target customers of Foxy Original will help the essay to develop a thematic background for the case.
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Evolution of the Global Economy, 1800 to the 21st Century Essay
Evolution of the Global Economy, 1800 to the 21st Century - Essay Example In this case, poverty refers to the deprivation of access and opportunities to resources and denial of the enjoyment of their rights and privileges due to social stratification and inequalities of wage system (Alam, 2000, p. 215). Researchers however tried to quantify the nature of poverty to make it more understandable. Under the Human Development Report of 2012 reported that there are 50% of the world populace or about 3 billion people are earning less than $ 2.50 per day (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). There are also about 80% of the world populace are surviving in less than $10 a day and same percentile of 80% where income (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). Moreover, there are 22,000 children that are dying each day due to poverty while there are 1.1 billion of people in emerging country with inadequate access to water (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). Reports further bared that there are 443 million of school days that are lost due to water related illness (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). ... ive wealthy ratio statistics, there were 3 poor people per 1 ich person in 1820 but this increased to 72 poor people per 1 wealthy person (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). DoSomething. Org (2013) likewise reported that 70 million people do not have enough food to eat (p. 1). There were 2 million children that have died of preventable illnesses such as diarrhea and pneumonia due to absence of access of medication (DoSomething. Org, 2013, p. 1). Since 2011, there were 19 million children that were recorded as unvaccinated and 1.6 billion people that are still living in darkness due to absence of access to energy or electricity (DoSomething. Org, 2013, p. 1). In Asia, reports bared that there are 44% of Indian peoples that are struggling to lie life at US$1/day and so is in Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh which has only similar subsistence level (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78; Aggarwal & Chowdhr, 1991, p. 142; Adil Khan, 1996, p 144). This is also true to the peoples of B hutan and Afghanistan where people live at a rate of $ 1/day (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). High illiteracy is more felt in South Asia, especially for women and children (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). The region has also high child mortality rate. Although there are indicators that certain levels of development are attained certain improvement but the disparity of income and opportunities to resource remained scarce (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). They are also the same regions that is lead with undemocratic or less democratic systems and where conflicts are abound in multifarious waysâ€â€meaning, it covered issues on terrorism, rebellion, labor disputes, women rights violations and militarism. World Bank (2013), a financial
The Kornilov Affair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The Kornilov Affair - Essay Example Kornilov was respected by his troops as an outstanding officer, but his politics did not go much further than loving his country. He was never Kerensky’s first choice as Commander in Chief but he had wide support and had to be taken into account. The only problem was that it was clear from the beginning that there were tensions between Kerensky and Kornilov about the direction the Russian army should take. And there were tensions about the direction of the Russia as it was under threat both externally and internally and had to make big decisions. Things came to a head, as Richard Pipes writes, when Kerensky procrastinated in implementing the military reforms that Kornilov had made a condition of assuming command . . . Kornilov requested permission to meet with the cabinet. The meeting took place on August 3. While he was giving an overview of the situation at the front, Kerensky leaned over [to Kornilov] and asked him in a whisper to exercise caution . . . This incident shattered Kornilov’s faith in the Provisional Government, for it convinced him that there were ministers in the cabinet capable of betraying military secrets to the enemy.1 Within a short amount of time, following some decisive military preparations, Kornilov began to be seen by some in Russia as a rival to power for Kerensky. Kerensky began to get more and more agitated, ignoring the Bolshevik problem in order to focus on securing his own hold on power. What followed was Kerensky’s effort to destroy Kornilovâ€â€and the result was the rise of the Bolsheviks. A ridiculous exchange of messages pitted the two men against each other, each completely misunderstanding what the other intended. Kerensky thought Kornilov was plotting to seize dictatorial control, Kornilov thought Kerensky was offering it to him. His unfounded suspicion confirmed, Kerensky fired the popular Kornilov, who had
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Evolution of the Global Economy, 1800 to the 21st Century Essay
Evolution of the Global Economy, 1800 to the 21st Century - Essay Example In this case, poverty refers to the deprivation of access and opportunities to resources and denial of the enjoyment of their rights and privileges due to social stratification and inequalities of wage system (Alam, 2000, p. 215). Researchers however tried to quantify the nature of poverty to make it more understandable. Under the Human Development Report of 2012 reported that there are 50% of the world populace or about 3 billion people are earning less than $ 2.50 per day (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). There are also about 80% of the world populace are surviving in less than $10 a day and same percentile of 80% where income (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). Moreover, there are 22,000 children that are dying each day due to poverty while there are 1.1 billion of people in emerging country with inadequate access to water (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). Reports further bared that there are 443 million of school days that are lost due to water related illness (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). ... ive wealthy ratio statistics, there were 3 poor people per 1 ich person in 1820 but this increased to 72 poor people per 1 wealthy person (Statistic Brain, 2012, p. 1). DoSomething. Org (2013) likewise reported that 70 million people do not have enough food to eat (p. 1). There were 2 million children that have died of preventable illnesses such as diarrhea and pneumonia due to absence of access of medication (DoSomething. Org, 2013, p. 1). Since 2011, there were 19 million children that were recorded as unvaccinated and 1.6 billion people that are still living in darkness due to absence of access to energy or electricity (DoSomething. Org, 2013, p. 1). In Asia, reports bared that there are 44% of Indian peoples that are struggling to lie life at US$1/day and so is in Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh which has only similar subsistence level (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78; Aggarwal & Chowdhr, 1991, p. 142; Adil Khan, 1996, p 144). This is also true to the peoples of B hutan and Afghanistan where people live at a rate of $ 1/day (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). High illiteracy is more felt in South Asia, especially for women and children (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). The region has also high child mortality rate. Although there are indicators that certain levels of development are attained certain improvement but the disparity of income and opportunities to resource remained scarce (Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2007, pp. 71-78). They are also the same regions that is lead with undemocratic or less democratic systems and where conflicts are abound in multifarious waysâ€â€meaning, it covered issues on terrorism, rebellion, labor disputes, women rights violations and militarism. World Bank (2013), a financial
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Water-soluble tissue paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Water-soluble tissue - Research Paper Example It also includes the marketing strategy of water soluble tissue paper for Qatar. Power of Buyers: The power of buyers can be described by the switching cost involved in shifting from one brand to the other. The tissue paper industry is saturated with several well established manufacturers like George Pacific, Kimberly Clark, SCA, P&G, etc which offers water soluble tissue papers (SCA, 2014). Thus it gives the customers a lot of options to choose from. Moreover due to high availability and competitive pricing it is even easier for the buyers to switch between brands. As a result the rival company goes into a price war by offering lower or discounted price in bulk to attract more customers. Thus the influencing effect of the buyers on the pricing suggests that the power of buyers is high. Power of Suppliers: The tissue paper manufacturing companies procure the raw materials like recycled paper pulp, chemicals adhesives, etc from global suppliers (Carlsson et al, 2006). Although the availability of suppliers are high in the industry, but the supply often fails to meet the market demand. The low supply of raw materials is due to low availability of recycled paper and high regulation over deforestation. Thus the overall supplier’s power is moderate. Threat of new entrant: Entering into the soluble tissue paper industry, a firm does not require high capital investment, as the cost of raw materials and other production costs are relatively low. Moreover, in the tissue paper market, the concept of water soluble tissue paper is a relatively new. Thus any new entrant will have an early mover advantage. This as a result leads to low barrier to entry in the market, which increases the threat of entry of new brands. Thus the overall threat of new entrant is high. Threat of Substitutes: A substitute product is defined as any product
Monday, October 14, 2019
Importance of Communication in Daily Life
Importance of Communication in Daily Life To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. Anthony Robbins Communication Is Integral To Human Life Communication is deeply intertwined with the human existence. It is an integral part of it. One cannot think of human life without communication. Can you imagine what would happen if you are not allowed to talk for a long time? You would feel suffocated. In personal life, we need to communicate to deal with various concerns and problems of daily life. In professional life also, it is communication that helps us to build healthy relations and credibility with co-workers. Only speaking/talking is not communication. Communication can take place in many forms. Sometimes, we communicate by talking about our ideas, thoughts or emotions; at other times, we may wish to communicate through the written word or even non-verbally. Whatever form we choose, getting the message across is what communication is all about. Communication is a process that is dynamic, continuous, and irreversible but at the same time, it is reciprocal in nature. It is an ongoing process. Roughly, we can define communication as a shared meaning between two or more individuals. The shared meaning arises out of the individuals experiences, background, education and training. Similarity in experiences, background, training, etc. makes communication successful between individuals. Communication helps us to understand others. The inability to communicate can lead to a lot of problems both personally and professionally. Imagine a day without communicating! We can instantly feel the void it would create. Can we ever forget that it is our ability to communicate verbally that distinguishes us from animals? Communication helps form a powerful bond among people and makes us social beings. Besides, knowledge is not the sole requirement for the achievement of success. A person may possess good knowledge, but his/her performance will be evaluated largely on the basis of his/her ability to communicate. Therefore, if you are a good communicator, you have better chances of success in life and in business. 1.2 COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS Communication has become indispensable today. Human activity will come to a standstill if there is no communication. All human transactions become possible only through communication. It is the life-blood of every business organization. Especially in todays globalized market economy, effective communication is vital to the success and survival of any organization. Businesses need people with good communication skills because communication is an essential part of the kind of work that is done in business organizations. It extends across all areas of business, including managerial, technical, clerical and social positions. In present times, several factors have contributed to the significance of communication. They are- faster means of communication because of scientific and technological advancements shrinking geographical boundaries because of the availability of faster means of transport growth of the multinational companies that has resulted in the creation of a globalized market economy generation of highly advanced management techniques as a result of the growing importance of professionalism in the management of business the information revolution that has brought with it highly sophisticated networking technologies multiplication of systems of communication at all levels of organization because of specialized knowledge that has lead to departmentalization advancements in the field of social sciences such as in psychology and in sociology that have created an awareness about the human mind and behaviour and how they influence communication Communication undertaken by a business organization with the purpose of achieving certain specific goals is known as business communication. In fact, business communication is a special type of communication undertaken to meet the needs of the organization. Powerful concepts in modern management like participation, motivation, involvement revolve around communication. According to R. Ludlow, Business communication is a process of transfer of information and understanding between different parts and people of a business organization. It consists of various modes and media involved in communication interchanges. Effective communication is needed for growth and development of any organization. H.G. Hicks has rightly pointed out- Communication is basic to an organizations existence from birth of the organization; when communication stops, organized activity ceases to exist. Improving communication skills improves the chances for success of a business. Effective communication brings progress and prosperity to it. Moreover, in this age of specialization, planning, production, sales, advertising, finance, welfare, etc. are handled by different departments. In absence of effective communication, there would be a serious problem of co-ordination among these departments and there would only be chaos and confusion in the organization. Communication is also quite significant keeping in mind the growing importance of human relations and human resource management in todays world. Communication helps a manager in developing meaningful relationships with the subordinates, changing their attitudes, boosting their morale and soliciting their cooperation. Communication links people together to achieve common goals. It is also required to maintain good public relations. Thus, executives are often expected to give speeches and interviews to the media in order to project a favourable image of the organization. Effective communication is required to handle various crises and conflicts of interests in an organization. It is also needed in order to impart adequate training to the employees in handling latest technology. Subordinates often resent the introduction of changes in the methods of working. This poses a challenge to the management to educate the employees so that they can smoothly adapt to the dynamic character of the organization. They also have to work at alleviating the fear that these changes are likely to generate unemployment. Thus, effective communication can help in changing the negative attitude of the employees towards technological advancement. It facilitates meetings which play an important role in the functioning of an organization. Effective business communication depends not only on the skills of the sender of the message but also on the skills of the one who receives that message. Thus, one may say that communication is not an end in itself; rather, it is a means to achieve an end. 1.3 PRE-REQUISITES OF COMMUNICATION Now the question is- What is communication and how it can be accomplished? What do we require to carry out communication? Hence, prior to looking at the meaning of communication, it would be helpful to know how we prepare for it. For instance, you want to write a letter. What all do you need for it? A piece of paper. A pen. A desk for support. Is there anything else that you require besides these things? Certainly you do. You need to dwell on three important things- 1. Purpose 2. Content 3. Skills These three precede all speaking or writing. WHAT TO COMMUNICATE- CONTENT Information Observation/ Receive by Select/Reject Think and Understanding Attention listening or as per your evaluate results into by reading interest, need the information knowledge or expectation This is how information is processed in to being knowledge. Knowledge generates in you the confidence to communicate. If you are well prepared with the content, then half the work is done. It is the urge to express something that begins communication. It can be an idea, an emotion, an opinion or some information. Without this basic idea/need, there can be no communication. However, we do not communicate whatever comes to our mind immediately. There is a need to plan- what to communicate, how to communicate and whom to communicate it to. We do not communicate without a purpose; therefore, it is essential to answer these questions before actually communicating. This helps us to communicate effectively and to get a desirable response from the person with whom we are exchanging our ideas. WHY TO COMMUNICATE- PURPOSE Speakers/ will hear/see Purpose of Writers Listener/ Communication Expectation Reader will listen/read will understand will act/respond THE PURPOSE IS FULFILLED Purpose is the primary pre-requisite of all meaningful communication. The sender initiates communication with some purpose i.e. expectation. S/he expects the receiver to hear/see his message, to listen/read it attentively, to understand it and to act/respond to it. When the receiver gives feedback or performs the expected action, then communication is said to be successful. However, the response would depend on various factors like concentration, physical surroundings and psychological makeup of the receiver. The next question is- how do we communicate? Communication does not just mean speaking or writing. We are communicating even when we smile or shrug our shoulders. However, when we decide to communicate, we need some medium through which to transfer that idea to the other person. HOW TO COMMUNICATE- SKILLS You may possess good knowledge and may be ready to convey it but if you do not know how to do it, it would not be effective. Poor speaking or writing skills is a real hurdle in communication. Speaking Skills Read aloud: Take a small piece of writing from a newspaper, magazine or a book and read it out loud. This will help you to know how you speak- your voice tone, pitch, etc. Observe: Observe how people speak- their pronunciation, accent, intonation, stress, style, rhythm, etc. Try to emulate the speaking style of good speakers. This will help you to improve your own style of speaking. (For a detailed note on speaking skills, writing skills and non-verbal communication, refer Chapter 2 Types of Communication.) Just the idea/information that the communicator has, the media of transmission available and the presence of the receiver are not enough for communication to take place. We need a proper context and an atmosphere where there are no hindrances in the communication process. Does communication end after the idea is communicated? As stated earlier, we communicate with a purpose. Expression of the idea/information is half the work done. But communication is considered complete only when there is some response from the receiver. Only then we can say that the purpose of communication is fulfilled. Communication involves three basic activities on the part of both the participants i.e. the sender and the receiver. On the senders part, they are- Thinking to develop the content to form a message Speaking/Writing to convey the message to the other person Feeling to make the message persuasive On the receivers part, the activities include- Listening/Reading to absorb the idea/information contained in the message Interpreting to understand the meaning of the message Responding to convey the acceptance or the disagreement with the message Communication has always been an important part of human life. Language and the ability to express ourselves using that language come to us spontaneously. And the need to communicate is so inherent in human nature that we hardly realize that effective communication skills can be acquired and honed. There are four basic communication skills- speaking, writing, listening and reading. They always work in the following adjacency pairs- Speaking/writing is handled by the sender of the message and listening/reading by the receiver of the message. Mastering these four skills is very essential if one wants to become an effective communicator. As children, we learn to speak by listening first. Thus, listening is the first skill that we acquire as we develop the language instinct. Then follows the reading skills once we start schooling and lastly we learn the writing skills as a part of our formal education. Thus, learning language/s and the related communication skills follow a systematic process. It does not happen accidentally and instantaneously. Despite of this, people often turn out to be poor communicators as most of us tend to take its importance for granted. Most of the time, we fail to achieve our objective while we communicate. This happens because of our failure to convey our ideas in a precise and clearly understandable manner. There may be a lack either in the content of the message or in the way in which it is conveyed to the intended audience, or both. The point is we do not normally focus much on what to communicate, when to communicate and how to communicate. Also, we need to consider another equally important aspect why to communicate i.e. the purpose. Thus, it is very important for us to recognize and study the essential elements involved in the process of communication in order to become effective communicators. Every aspect of life, whether personal, social or professional, involves communication. The basic meaning of the word communication is- an exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behaviour. The meaning of the word has not undergone much change. However, the ways and means of communication have changed greatly as a result of technological and other socio-cultural developments in recent times. Thus, these advancements have added numerous new dimensions to the communication process, which has become more complex over a period of time. It, thus, calls for a detailed study of the various components that are involved in it in order to be able to communicate effectively. 1.4 DEFINING COMMUNICATION In order to understand the term communication, it would be useful to have a look at some definitions given by the experts. The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis which means to transmit, to impart, to exchange, to share, or to convey. Communication means the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. (Oxford English Dictionary) Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. (Business Dictionary) According to Newman and Summer, Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. Keith Davis states Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. F.G. Meyer defines communication as the intercourse by words, letters or messages, the intercourse of thoughts or opinions. It is the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others. In the words of Theo Haimann, Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others. According to C.G. Brown, Communication has been defined as the transfer of information from one person to another, whether or not it elicits confidence or becomes an exchange or interchange. But the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. William Scott defines communication as a process which involves the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions which will accomplish organizational goals. Louis A. Allen says, Communication is the sum of all the things which a person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding. According to McFarland, Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. More specifically, it is a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings. These definitions explain communication as a process of passing information and understanding (Keith Davis) a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding (Business Dictionary) the act of making ones ideas and opinions known to others (F.G. Meyer) the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others (Theo Haimann) the transmission and accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions (William Scott) a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening, and understanding (Louis A. Allen) a process by which meanings are perceived and understanding is reached among human beings (McFarland) Thus, these definitions adequately highlight and express in concise form the important features of the process of communication. In short, we can define communication as a process in which two or more elements of a system interact in order to achieve a desired outcome or goal. (Larry L. Barker and Deborah A. Gaut, Communication; 2001) 1.5 FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION On the basis of the above discussion, let us now discuss certain important features of the process of communication. 1. It is an exchange of ideas. Communication is the process through which an exchange of information takes place. It is the sharing of information, ideas, concepts and messages. 2. Two parties are involved in it. In communication, the exchange of information takes place between two or more persons. This implies that there are minimum two people involved in the communication process at any given time. The one who initiates the exchange is the sender of the message (speaker/writer) and the one who receives and interprets it is the receiver of the message (listener/reader). 3. It is a two-way process. Communication is a two-way process of exchanging ideas or information. One person alone cannot carry out communication. When you communicate, there has to be a receiver or an audience that would reciprocate. Then only your communication can be complete. Thus, communication is a process of transmitting and receiving verbal and non-verbal messages. It is considered effective only when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver. The response may be positive or negative. In case of absence of any response, communication is incomplete. Thus, communication is effective only when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received successfully, understood fully, and responded to promptly. 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION There is no human action that is done without any purpose. Even the simplest and most natural action like breathing has a purpose- to stay alive. Communication is also always carried out with some purpose. (Refer 1.3 Pre-requisites of Communication) Communication begins with two-fold objectives or purposes that occupy the senders mind: Immediate or Primary to convey or to share Objectives information of Communication Ultimate or Secondary to convince or to persuade people To inform and to persuade are the two basic purposes (goals) that are ever present in the mind of a communicator. Sometimes, he seeks only to inform, as in scientific writings; sometimes, his goal is to persuade the reader, as in journalistic writings; and oftentimes, he wants both to inform and to persuade the reader, as in sales letters, advertisements, etc. Communication is vital to business. The communication activities of an organization fall into three broad categories: 1. Intra-organisational Communication FORMAL Business 2. Inter-organisational Communication Communication 3. Personal INFORMAL Communication 1. Intra-Organisational Communication It is communication within an organization. It is done to implement business plans. It takes many forms like orders, instructions, reports, emails, etc. 2. Inter-Organisational Communication It is communication that a business organization does with people outside the organization i.e. with other companies, customers, clients, general public, etc. It takes the form of planned publicity to improve its image and public relations with the help of business messages, advertising, displays, etc. The success of a business depends on its ability to fulfill the customers needs. Besides providing services, it must communicate effectively with outside people and groups for its success. 3. Personal Communication It is communication without a specific business objective i.e. without an ulterior motive or purpose. Man is a social animal, therefore we have a compulsive need to communicate even when we have nothing substantial to convey. Such communication also occurs in the workplace. For example, personal conversations, gossip, Grapevine phenomenon, etc. If one is not allowed to engage in such casual communication, it may lead to frustration and other such psychological problems. (For a more detailed discussion on corporate communication, refer Chapter 7 Formal and Informal Networks of Communication.) The primary objective of communication is to convey or share information. Business organizations have to deal with a large and varied amount of information on a daily basis in order to conduct various business activities. Thus, proper flow of information helps them to make right decisions. Another equally important objective of communication is to persuade people to accept a point of view or to change their attitude and accept a new or modified attitude. Persuasion is achieved through logical arguments or an emotional appeal to accept the change. Advertisements are an apt example of the persuasive nature of communication. Essentially, all communication is a deliberate and intentional act of persuasion. A communicator wants the reader not only to understand the message but also to be influenced as intended by him. (For a detailed discussion, refer 10.6 Persuasive Communication, Chapter 10 Nature of Attitude and its Influence on Communication) Communication helps to convey information from experts to trainees in an organization for the purpose of educating or training them to handle new technology or to adapt to the changes in the work environment. Communication is an effective tool in the hands of the managers to motivate and to boost the morale of the employees. This enables the organization to achieve higher productivity. Through advice and counseling, the management can help the employees in dealing with their emotional problems as well as problems pertaining to maladjustment and also to give career guidance. By means of letters of appreciation, special mention in reports, minutes of meetings, etc., the management can appreciate the work of the employees. In case of strikes, lockouts, and dismissal of individual employees or disciplinary action against them, the management uses communication channels to issue warnings. Communication also helps in co-ordination of intra-organisational activities, inter-organisational transactions, business transactions, and commercial transactions by means of conferences, meetings, advertisements, requests, suggestions, reviews, and discussions. Without communication, coordinating the activities of different persons engaged in running a business is a remote possibility. The management and the subordinates come closer through communication. Communication promotes cooperation and good industrial relations as it conveys feelings, ideas, opinions, and viewpoints of one party to the other party. The policies and programs formulated by the organization to guide the workforce have to be conveyed to those who are responsible for the execution of work to achieve the organizational objectives. Only effective communication can translate the plans into actions. It aids teamwork by enabling people to work together. It helps perform basic management functions like instructing, coordinating, staffing, planning, etc. Thus, these are the few important objectives of communication in the context of business organizations. So far, we have discussed what comprises communication and the significance of communication in our personal, social as well professional life. We have also highlighted some of the fundamentals of communication. Let us now analyse the process of communication and see how it is accomplished. 1.7 PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Process is a series of things done to achieve something. Communication also follows a process. Communication begins when the sender/encoder identifies the need to communicate some idea/concept/information. He then encodes/formulates it into a message using a medium which can be understood by the receiver/decoder of the message who in turn processes it in his mind and responds to it. When the decoder understands the message completely, fidelity of communication is said to be 100% and the communication process is said to be complete. (Refer David Berlos Model of Communication) Thus, communication is a two-way process. Fidelity of Communication Idea Idea Concept Encoder Medium Decoder Concept Message Message Information Information Fidelity of Communication David Berlos Model of Communication If necessary, the receiver may send a reply or may respond or react to the message. This response or reaction is also known as feedback. But sometimes, there may be no response at all from the receiver even if it is required. Absence of feedback can be attributed to either of the following reasons- a) the message does not reach the receiver or b) the receiver fails to understand the message. Such situations may arise due to the presence of some factor/s that can- a) obstruct the message from being transmitted or b) distort the meaning of the message. The factors that hamper the flow of communication are known as barriers to communication. (Refer Chapter 4 Resolving Barriers to Communication) Communication occurs in five phases and it consists of the following eight components which are inter-related: Idea Sender/Encoder (Speaker/Writer) Encoding Message Channel and Medium Receiver/Decoder (Reader/Listener) Decoding Feedback Let us now discuss in detail the various stages and elements involved in the communication process. PHASE I- IDEATING: 1) Idea Every message whether oral or written has its origin in an idea that germinates in the mind of the sender of the message. Every idea refers to some context. Context is a common frame of reference within which the sender and the receiver communicate with each other. Thus, the idea or information that the sender wants to convey to the receiver is the source of the message in the communication process. 2) Sender/Encoder The person who initiates the communication process is referred to as the encoder. The process of communication begins with the sender who identifies the need to communicate. He may want to inform or to persuade or to influence or to make the receiver take a particular course of action. The sender must have a clear picture in his mind about what he wants to communicate and should accordingly select symbols, words, images, etc. that would best convey his ideas to the receiver. He must identify his audience and formulate the message in such a way that the receiver understands fully what he intends to convey and interprets it within the same context. PHASE II- ENCODING: 3) Encoding Encoding takes place when the sender formulates his idea into a message to be transmitted to the receiver, using a series of symbols- verbal and/or non-verbal, written or oral. The sender should encode his message keeping in mind the purpose of communication and he should select words or symbols so as to make the receiver understand the communication correctly and to achieve the expected feedback. The sender as well as the receiver should attach the same meaning to the symbols or words, otherwise communication would fail. Thus, proper encoding is essential for successful communication. 4) Message That which is encoded, i.e. the idea/concept/information, is the message. Message is an idea transformed into words. It can be expressed in different ways depending on the subject-matter, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the sender. It can be transmitted effectively only when it is well-formulated, clear, and complete in itself. PHASE III- TRANSMITTING: 5) Channel and Medium An appropriate medium chosen to send the message is known as channel. It is the vehicle which facilitates the sender to convey the message to the receiver. Channel is the system used to transmit a message, whereas medium is one of the forms or types used under that system. For example, oral communication is a channel and telephone conversation (a form of oral communication) is a medium. There are three broad channels of communication and there are several media under each- Channel Medium 1. Oral face-to-face conversation, telephone conversation, audio-tapes, voice mail, etc. 2. Written letters, memos, reports, manuals, notices, circulars, questionnaires, minutes, email, fax, etc. 3. Audio-visual cinema, television, video-tapes, video conferences, video chat, etc. Thus, there is a difference between medium and channel. The sender should decide the best possible channel and medium to transmit the message. The selection of an appropriate channel/medium would be influenced by the following factors- a) the nature of the message, b) the urgency of the message, c) the number of receivers, d) the cost factor, and e) the relationship between the sender and the receiver. PHASE IV- RECEIVING: 6) Receiver/Decoder The person who receives the encoded message is referred to as the decoder. He is the intended audience of the message. The receiver may be an individual or a group of individuals. As communication is a two-way process, the receiver is as important as the sender of the message. Communication will not be complete in the following situations- a) in the absence of the receiver, b) if the message does not reach the right/intended receiver, and c) if the receiver does not understand the message. A receiver may be a listener or a reader or a viewer of the message. He not only receives the message but also tries to understand, interpret, and perceive the total meaning of the message, as was intended by the sender, and gives necessary feedback. 7) Decoding It is a process by which the receiver interprets the message and translates it into meaningful information. The meaning of the message is the sum total of the meanings of the words (symbols) together with the tone and the attitude of the sender as reflected by his choice of w
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